E103 — alkannin

E103, known as alkannin, is a red dye derived from the roots of the Alkanna tinctoria plant. While it has historical uses as a coloring agent in food and cosmetics, it is no longer permitted as a food additive in most regions due to concerns about its safety.

Chemical Composition and Properties

• Chemical formula: C₁₆H₁₆O₅.
• Alkannin is a natural pigment that produces red to violet shades depending on the pH.
• It is primarily soluble in oils and organic solvents but poorly soluble in water.

Applications (Historical)

• Used in foods, especially in traditional preparations, for its vibrant red color.
• Commonly applied in cosmetics, such as lipsticks and skin products.

Health and Safety Considerations

• Studies have raised concerns about alkannin’s potential toxicity.
• Animal experiments have indicated possible carcinogenic effects and other adverse health impacts.

Due to these concerns, regulatory agencies, including the European Union and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), have banned E103 for use as a food additive.

Regulatory Status

• European Union: E103 is not approved for use in food products.
• United States: Alkannin is not listed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for food use.

Conclusion

E103 (alkannin) is prohibited in food applications due to its potential health risks. Its use is restricted to non-food industries, such as cosmetics, under strict regulations. Consumers should avoid products containing this additive in regions where it is still allowed.