E120 – Cochineal, Carminic Acid, Carmine

Danger Level: 2 (Moderate Risk) – E120, commonly known as cochineal, carminic acid, or carmine, is a natural red dye derived from the cochineal insect. While generally considered safe, it has been associated with allergic reactions in some individuals and raises ethical concerns for certain consumer groups.

Description

E120 is a natural red colorant extracted from the dried bodies of female cochineal insects (Dactylopius coccus), native to Central and South America. The dye is obtained by crushing these insects to produce carminic acid, which is then processed into carmine or cochineal extract. Approximately 70,000 insects are required to produce 250 grams of carmine. 

Purpose in Products

E120 serves as a coloring agent, imparting red, pink, or purple hues to various products. Common applications include:

  • Food and Beverages: Used in confectionery, dairy products, alcoholic and soft drinks, sausages, sauces, ketchup, glazes, juices, and jellies.
  • Cosmetics: Found in lipsticks, eye shadows, and other makeup products.
  • Pharmaceuticals: Utilized to color pills and ointments. 

Health Considerations

While E120 is approved for use in many countries, certain health considerations include:

  • Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may experience hypersensitivity reactions, such as hives, itching, or asthma exacerbation, upon consuming or coming into contact with products containing cochineal or carmine. 
  • Anaphylactic Shock: In rare cases, severe allergic reactions leading to anaphylactic shock have been reported. 

Conclusion: E120 is generally safe for the majority of the population when consumed within regulated limits. However, individuals with known sensitivities should exercise caution and check product labels to avoid exposure.

Ethical and Dietary Concerns

E120 raises ethical and dietary concerns for certain groups:

  • Vegetarians and Vegans: As E120 is derived from insects, it is unsuitable for vegetarian or vegan diets. 
  • Religious Dietary Laws: Some religious groups may avoid E120 due to dietary restrictions concerning the consumption of insects. 

Regulatory Status

The use of E120 as a food additive varies by region:

  • European Union: Approved for use as a food additive with the E number E120. 
  • United States: Recognized as a color additive exempt from certification. The FDA requires that products containing cochineal extract or carmine list them by name on the ingredient label to inform consumers of their presence.

Given these regulatory guidelines, E120 is permitted in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products in many countries, with specific labeling requirements to inform consumers of its presence.

Alternatives and Substitutes

For those seeking to avoid E120, alternative coloring agents include:

  • Plant-Based Dyes: Such as beet juice concentrate, paprika extract, or anthocyanins derived from berries and grapes.
  • Synthetic Dyes: Like Red 40 (Allura Red AC), though some synthetic dyes have their own health considerations.

Conclusion

E120 (Cochineal, Carminic Acid, Carmine) is a natural red dye widely used across various industries. While generally safe for most consumers, it has been linked to allergic reactions in some individuals and poses ethical concerns for certain groups. Awareness of its presence in products and consideration of potential sensitivities or ethical preferences are advisable.