E122 – Azorubine (Carmoisine)

Danger Level: 2 (Moderate Risk) – Azorubine, also known as Carmoisine (E122), is a synthetic red azo dye used as a food coloring agent. While generally recognized as safe within established intake levels, it has been associated with allergic reactions and hyperactivity in some individuals, particularly children.

Description

E122, commonly referred to as Azorubine or Carmoisine, is a synthetic red azo dye with the chemical formula C₂₀H₁₂N₂Na₂O₇S₂. It is water-soluble and primarily used to impart a red hue to various food and beverage products. Azorubine is produced through chemical synthesis involving petrochemical derivatives. 

Purpose in Products

Azorubine serves as a coloring agent, providing red or pink hues to enhance the visual appeal of consumables. Common applications include:

  • Confectionery: Candies, jellies, and chewing gums.
  • Beverages: Non-alcoholic drinks, flavored waters, and powdered drink mixes.
  • Baked Goods: Cakes, pastries, and biscuits.
  • Dairy Products: Flavored yogurts and desserts.
  • Processed Foods: Instant soups, sauces, and canned fruits. 

Health Considerations

While Azorubine is approved for use in many countries, certain health considerations include:

  • Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may experience hypersensitivity reactions, such as skin rashes, itching, or respiratory issues, upon consuming products containing Azorubine. 
  • Hyperactivity in Children: Studies have suggested a link between Azorubine consumption and increased hyperactivity in children. As a result, products containing this additive may require warning labels in some regions.

Conclusion: E122 is generally safe for the majority of the population when consumed within regulated limits. However, individuals with known sensitivities or parents of children exhibiting hyperactivity may choose to avoid products containing Azorubine.

Regulatory Status

The use of Azorubine as a food additive varies by region:

  • European Union: Approved for use as a food additive with the E number E122. However, products containing Azorubine are required to carry a warning label indicating potential adverse effects on activity and attention in children. 
  • United States: Azorubine is not approved for use in food products. It was previously listed for use in externally applied drugs and cosmetics but was delisted in 1963 due to a lack of safety studies. 

Given these regulatory guidelines, Azorubine is permitted in food products in many countries, albeit with specific labeling requirements to inform consumers of potential risks.

Alternatives and Substitutes

For those seeking to avoid Azorubine, alternative natural coloring agents include:

  • Beetroot Red (E162): Derived from beets, providing a red to pink hue.
  • Anthocyanins (E163): Extracted from berries and grapes, offering red, purple, or blue shades.
  • Paprika Extract (E160c): Obtained from red peppers, imparting an orange-red color.

Conclusion

E122 (Azorubine/Carmoisine) is a synthetic red dye widely used in the food industry to enhance product appearance. While generally safe for most consumers, it has been linked to allergic reactions and hyperactivity in some individuals, particularly children. Awareness of its presence in foods and consideration of potential sensitivities are advisable.