E123 – Amaranth

Amaranth, designated as E123, is a synthetic red azo dye used to color food and cosmetic products. It is considered harmful (Danger Level: 4) due to potential health risks, including its classification as a suspected carcinogen, leading to bans in several countries.

Purpose in Products

E123 imparts a red or purple hue to various consumables, enhancing their visual appeal. It has been commonly used in products such as beverages, confectionery, and certain baked goods. 

Health Risks

  • Carcinogenic Potential: Amaranth has been identified as a suspected carcinogen, prompting regulatory bodies like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to ban its use in food products. 
  • Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may experience allergic responses, including skin rashes and other hypersensitivity reactions, upon exposure to Amaranth. 

Impact on Children

Children may be particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of synthetic dyes like E123, with potential links to hyperactivity and behavioral issues.

Impact on Taste

As a colorant, E123 does not alter the taste or flavor profile of food products; its function is solely to affect appearance.

Compatibility with Other Additives

E123 can be combined with other synthetic dyes to achieve various color shades. However, mixing multiple azo dyes may have compounded health risks.

Natural Occurrence

Amaranth is not naturally occurring; it is synthesized through chemical processes involving azo compounds.

Alternatives and Substitutes

Safer natural alternatives to E123 include:

  • Beetroot Red (E162): Provides a red color and is derived from beetroots.
  • Cochineal (E120): Offers a natural red hue, extracted from cochineal insects.

Regulation

Due to its health risks, E123 (Amaranth) has been banned in several countries, including the United States. In regions where it is permitted, its use is subject to strict regulations regarding acceptable daily intake levels. 

Conclusion

E123 (Amaranth) is a synthetic red azo dye formerly used as a food colorant. Due to significant health concerns, including its classification as a suspected carcinogen, it has been banned in several countries. Natural alternatives like beetroot red and cochineal are recommended for coloring food products.