E1521 — Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)

E1521 is a synthetic polymer utilized in the food industry for its versatile properties.

Danger Level: 1 (Almost Safe with Minimal Concerns)

Purpose in Products

Polyethylene Glycol serves multiple functions in food processing:

  • Antifoaming Agent: Reduces or prevents foam formation during production.
  • Humectant: Maintains moisture in products, enhancing texture and shelf life.
  • Solvent: Dissolves other additives, ensuring uniform distribution.

Common applications include confectioneries, baked goods, and beverages.

Health Considerations

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has evaluated PEG (E1521) and established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 10 mg/kg body weight. 

While PEG is generally considered safe, excessive consumption may lead to:

  • Laxative Effects: High doses can cause diarrhea or gastrointestinal discomfort.
  • Allergic Reactions: Rare cases of hypersensitivity have been reported.

It’s important to note that PEG is also used in pharmaceuticals, and individuals with specific allergies or sensitivities should consult healthcare providers regarding its presence in both food and medications.

Impact on Children

Children may be more susceptible to the laxative effects of PEG due to lower body weight. Monitoring intake from foods containing E1521 is advisable to prevent potential gastrointestinal discomfort.

Impact on Taste

Polyethylene Glycol is tasteless and odorless, ensuring it does not alter the flavor profile of food products.

Compatibility with Other Additives

PEG is compatible with various food additives, enhancing their solubility and stability, which is beneficial in complex formulations.

Natural Occurrence

Polyethylene Glycol does not occur naturally; it is synthesized through the polymerization of ethylene oxide.

Alternatives and Substitutes

Depending on the intended function, alternatives to PEG include:

  • Glycerol (E422): Used as a humectant and solvent.
  • Propylene Glycol (E1520): Serves similar purposes in food processing.

Regulation

In the European Union, E1521 is approved for specific uses with defined maximum levels to ensure consumer safety. 

In the United States, PEG is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for specified applications.

Conclusion

E1521 (Polyethylene Glycol) is a multifunctional food additive employed for its antifoaming, humectant, and solvent properties. When used within regulatory guidelines, it is considered safe for the general population. However, individuals with specific sensitivities should remain informed about its presence in both food and pharmaceutical products.