E161G – Canthaxanthin

E161g, known as Canthaxanthin, is a naturally occurring carotenoid pigment that imparts a red-orange hue. It is found in various plants, algae, bacteria, and animals, including certain mushrooms and flamingo feathers. Commercially, canthaxanthin is primarily produced synthetically from carotene. 

Purpose in Products

Canthaxanthin is utilized to provide a red to orange color to consumables, enhancing their visual appeal. It is commonly found in products such as:

  • Processed Foods: Sauces, soups, and baked goods.
  • Beverages: Fruit drinks and certain alcoholic beverages.
  • Confectionery: Candies and sweets.

Additionally, canthaxanthin is used in animal feed to enhance the coloration of poultry skin, egg yolks, and the flesh of farmed salmon and trout. 

Health Considerations

Canthaxanthin is generally recognized as safe for consumption when used within established guidelines. The Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for canthaxanthin is up to 0.03 mg/kg body weight. 

Excessive intake, particularly through the use of tanning pills containing high doses of canthaxanthin, has been associated with health issues such as canthaxanthin retinopathy, characterized by the deposition of crystals in the retina. These effects are typically reversible upon cessation of high intake. 

Impact on Children

Canthaxanthin is considered safe for children when consumed within the established ADI. There is no specific evidence indicating adverse effects on children beyond general dietary considerations.

Impact on Taste

As a colorant, canthaxanthin has a neutral flavor profile and does not significantly alter the taste of the products to which it is added.

Compatibility with Other Additives

Canthaxanthin is compatible with a wide range of food additives and ingredients, making it versatile for various formulations without causing undesirable interactions.

Natural Occurrence

Canthaxanthin occurs naturally in several organisms, notably in:

  • Certain Mushrooms: Such as chanterelles.
  • Algae and Bacteria
  • Flamingo Feathers

The concentration of canthaxanthin varies among these sources. 

Alternatives and Substitutes

Natural alternatives to E161g include other carotenoid-based colorants such as:

  • Beta-Carotene (E160a): Provides yellow to orange hues.
  • Lutein (E161b): Offers yellow to orange colors.
  • Paprika Extract (E160c): Imparts a red hue.

The choice of alternative depends on the desired shade and compatibility with the food product.

Regulation

Canthaxanthin (E161g) is approved for use as a food additive in the European Union and the United States, with specific usage limits to ensure safety. However, it is not approved for use in Australia and New Zealand. 

Conclusion

E161g (Canthaxanthin) is a carotenoid-based food colorant that enhances the visual appeal of various products without affecting flavor. While generally considered safe within regulated limits, excessive intake can lead to health concerns. Adherence to regional regulatory guidelines is essential for its appropriate incorporation into food products.