E164 – Gardenia Yellow

E164, known as Gardenia Yellow, is a natural food colorant extracted from the fruit of the Gardenia jasminoides plant. The primary coloring compounds in Gardenia Yellow are crocin and crocetin, which are water-soluble carotenoids also found in saffron. 

Purpose in Products

Gardenia Yellow is utilized to impart a bright yellow to deep orange-yellow hue to various food and beverage products, enhancing their visual appeal. Common applications include:

  • Dairy Products: Yogurts and ice creams.
  • Confectionery: Candies and desserts.
  • Noodles and Pasta: Instant noodles and pasta products.
  • Beverages: Fruit juices and flavored drinks.

Its natural origin and vibrant color make Gardenia Yellow a preferred alternative to synthetic colorants like Tartrazine and Quinoline Yellow. 

Health Considerations

Gardenia Yellow is generally considered safe for consumption. However, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has noted deficiencies in the toxicological database, including missing studies on long-term toxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and developmental toxicity. Due to these gaps and inadequate characterization of the test material, JECFA was unable to allocate an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for Gardenia Yellow. 

Impact on Children

While Gardenia Yellow is used in various food products, the lack of comprehensive toxicological data suggests that consumption should be moderated, especially in children’s diets, until more information is available.

Impact on Taste

Gardenia Yellow is primarily used for its coloring properties and has minimal impact on the flavor profile of food products.

Compatibility with Other Additives

Gardenia Yellow is compatible with a wide range of food ingredients and additives, making it versatile for various formulations without causing undesirable interactions.

Natural Occurrence

Gardenia Yellow is derived from the fruit of the Gardenia jasminoides plant, a shrub commonly found in parts of Asia. The plant has been traditionally used in herbal medicine and as a natural dye. 

Alternatives and Substitutes

Natural alternatives to E164 include other plant-based colorants such as:

  • Turmeric (E100): Provides a yellow color but has a distinct flavor.
  • Safflower Yellow: Imparts a yellow hue and is flavor-neutral.
  • Annatto (E160b): Offers an orange-yellow color and is commonly used in dairy products.

The choice of alternative depends on the desired shade, flavor considerations, and compatibility with the food product.

Regulation

The regulatory status of Gardenia Yellow varies by region. In some countries, it is approved for use as a food additive, while in others, its use may be restricted or not permitted due to insufficient toxicological data. Manufacturers should consult local regulations to ensure compliance.

Conclusion

E164 (Gardenia Yellow) is a natural colorant derived from the fruit of the Gardenia jasminoides plant, used to impart yellow to orange hues in various food products. While it offers a natural alternative to synthetic dyes, the lack of comprehensive toxicological data warrants cautious use, especially in products consumed by vulnerable populations such as children.