E172 – Iron Oxides and Iron Hydroxides

Danger Level: 1 (Low Risk) – Iron oxides and hydroxides are generally considered safe for consumption within regulated limits.

Description

E172 refers to iron oxides and iron hydroxides, natural mineral pigments used as coloring agents in various industries, including food production. They impart red, yellow, or black hues to products. 

Purpose in Products

Iron oxides and hydroxides are utilized to provide color in a variety of food items, enhancing their visual appeal. Common applications include:

  • Confectionery: Candies and coated sweets.
  • Bakery Products: Decorative elements on pastries.
  • Meat Products: Casings for sausages.

Their stability and vibrant colors make them suitable for these uses. 

Health Considerations

  • Absorption: Iron from E172 is minimally absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the risk of iron overload.
  • Safety Evaluations: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has assessed E172 and noted limitations in the available toxicological data, preventing a comprehensive safety evaluation. However, no major safety concerns have been identified when used within established guidelines.
  • Regulatory Guidelines: The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-0.5 mg/kg body weight per day for iron oxides.

Conclusion: E172 is considered safe for consumption within regulated limits. Exceeding these limits is unlikely through typical dietary intake.

Impact on Children

E172 is deemed safe for children when consumed as part of a balanced diet and within regulatory limits. There is no specific evidence indicating adverse effects on children beyond general dietary considerations.

Impact on Taste

Iron oxides and hydroxides are tasteless and odorless, ensuring they do not alter the flavor profile of food products.

Compatibility with Other Additives

E172 is compatible with a wide range of food ingredients and additives, making it versatile for various formulations without causing undesirable interactions.

Natural Occurrence

Iron oxides occur naturally as minerals such as hematite (red), magnetite (black), and goethite (yellow). For food applications, they are synthetically produced to meet purity standards.

Alternatives and Substitutes

Natural alternatives to E172 include other mineral-based colorants such as:

  • Titanium Dioxide (E171): Provides white coloration.
  • Calcium Carbonate (E170): Offers white hues.

The choice of alternative depends on the desired shade and compatibility with the food product.

Regulation

E172 is approved for use as a food additive in the European Union and other regions, with specific usage limits to ensure consumer safety. Manufacturers should adhere to local regulations and guidelines regarding its application. 

Conclusion

E172 (Iron Oxides and Iron Hydroxides) are widely used as colorants in the food industry, offering a range of hues without impacting flavor. When used within regulatory limits, they pose a low risk to health, making them suitable for various culinary applications.