Sodium Benzoate (E211): Dangers, Benefits, and Uses
Sodium benzoate (E211) is a synthetic preservative widely used in the food industry to extend the shelf life of various products: carbonated drinks, juices, marinades, and even sauces. It is sometimes used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
The main danger of sodium benzoate is that it is practically not excreted from the body and poisons the entire body for a long time.
The more and longer you consume food containing sodium benzoate, the more your body accumulates it.
The second danger of sodium benzoate is that, in combination with harmless vitamin C, it forms a dangerous carcinogen โ benzene.
Although benzene concentrations in such cases are usually low, the very fact of carcinogen formation can be frightening.
Despite the indicated risks, sodium benzoate is recognized as safe for use in food products by many regulatory bodies, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), provided that acceptable consumption standards are observed.
Purpose in Products
The main function of sodium benzoate is to prevent spoilage and extend shelf life by suppressing the growth of microorganisms. It exerts a strong inhibitory effect on yeasts and molds, suppressing the activity of enzymes in cells responsible for redox reactions, as well as enzymes that break down fats and starch.
In simple words, sodium benzoate makes the inside of microorganisms too acidic, which prevents them from eating and growing normally, so they stop multiplying and die. Because of this, sodium benzoate is most often found in acidic products:
- Drinks: any soft drinks, fruit juices, carbonated drinks and especially energy drinks
- Seasonings: including salad dressings, sauces and marinades
- Processed foods: such as jams, jellies, margarine, chips, etc.
- Ready-made supermarket food: salads, sandwiches and soups
- Medicines: it is added as an expectorant component
Health Considerations
Sodium benzoate (E211) is usually safe if the permissible norm is not exceeded โ 5 mg per kilogram of weight per day (according to the European Food Safety Authority).
If you weigh 70 kg, your permissible daily allowance is 350 mg.
Manufacturers often do not indicate exactly how much sodium benzoate is in their products, so it is impossible to calculate safe consumption in products. According to indirect data, without exceeding the daily norm, you can drink 2 liters of soda.
Side effects: Some people may experience headaches, nausea, dry mouth, decreased appetite, and mood swings. In rare cases, more serious symptoms such as fatigue, muscle pain, convulsions, and difficulty breathing are possible.
Benzene formation: In combination with vitamin C (ascorbic acid) under certain conditions, sodium benzoate can convert to benzene โ a substance that is associated with the risk of cancer. However, its amount in food and beverages is usually within safe limits.
Impact on Children
There is data linking the consumption of sodium benzoate to increased hyperactivity and decreased concentration in children, but it has not been fully studied.
Impact on Taste
At typical usage levels, sodium benzoate does not impart a noticeable taste or smell to food products, thereby preserving the original taste profile.
Compatibility with Other Additives
Sodium benzoate is often used in combination with other preservatives, such as potassium sorbate, to increase its antimicrobial effectiveness. It is most effective in an acidic environment (optimal activity at pH values below 4.5).
Natural Origin
Sodium benzoate is exclusively a synthetic preservative.
Although benzoic acid is found in nature in some fruits and vegetables, such as cranberries, prunes, and cinnamon, sodium benzoate itself is not natural, therefore it is synthesized in laboratories for commercial use.
Alternatives and Substitutes
Alternative preservatives to sodium benzoate include:
- Potassium sorbate (E202): effective against mold and yeast, used in various food products.
- Calcium propionate (E282): usually used in bakery products to prevent mold growth.
- Sorbic acid (E200): used directly as a preservative in various food products.
Regulation
The regulatory status of E211 varies depending on the country:
- European Union: approved for use as a food additive with specific maximum levels established for various food categories.
- United States: generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices.
Manufacturers should refer to local regulations to ensure compliance with specific application recommendations.
Conclusion
E211 (sodium benzoate) is a widely used preservative, effective against mold, yeast, and some bacteria, extending the shelf life of various food products. It is considered safe for consumption within established regulatory limits by many countries, with minimal impact on taste. However, excessive consumption may pose health risks, especially with regard to potential allergic reactions and the formation of benzene when interacting with ascorbic acid.