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E222 – Sodium Bisulfite

Danger Level: 2 (Moderate Risk) – Sodium bisulfite (E222) is generally recognized as safe for consumption within established regulatory limits; however, individuals with sulfite sensitivity or asthma may experience adverse reactions.

Description

E222, known as sodium bisulfite, is a sodium salt of sulfurous acid. It appears as an unstable white powder that reacts with oxygen to form sulfate. In acidic conditions, it forms sulfurous acid, which possesses preservative, oxidizing, and bleaching properties. It is commonly used as a preservative, antioxidant, and anti-browning agent in the food industry.

Purpose in Products

Sodium bisulfite is utilized in various food and beverage products, including:

Dried Fruits and Vegetables: To prevent discoloration and extend shelf life.
Wine and Beer: To prevent oxidation and maintain quality.
Processed Potatoes: To prevent browning.
Canned Goods: To inhibit microbial growth and preserve color.

Its primary functions include acting as a preservative, antioxidant, and anti-browning agent.

Health Considerations

Sodium bisulfite is generally regarded as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices:

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI): The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has established an ADI of 0.7 mg per kilogram of body weight per day for sulfites.
Potential Side Effects: Individuals with sulfite sensitivity, particularly those with asthma, may experience allergic reactions such as hives, nausea, diarrhea, and breathing difficulties. Ingesting large amounts can cause stomach cramps, nausea, and diarrhea.

Conclusion: E222 is considered safe for consumption within established regulatory limits; however, individuals with sulfite sensitivity or asthma should exercise caution, as they may experience adverse reactions.

Impact on Children

Sodium bisulfite is considered safe for children when consumed within the acceptable daily intake levels. However, monitoring the intake of preserved foods is advisable to ensure balanced nutrition and to minimize potential health risks, especially for children with asthma or sulfite sensitivity.

Impact on Taste

At typical usage levels, sodium bisulfite does not impart any noticeable taste to food products, thus preserving the original flavor profile.

Compatibility with Other Additives

Sodium bisulfite is often used in combination with other preservatives to enhance antimicrobial efficacy. It is effective in preventing oxidation and microbial growth, making it suitable for various food preservation applications.

Natural Occurrence

Sodium bisulfite is not naturally occurring and is synthetically produced for commercial use. It is commonly manufactured by treating sulfur dioxide with sodium carbonate solution.

Alternatives and Substitutes

Alternative preservatives to sodium bisulfite include:

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C): An antioxidant that can prevent oxidation and maintain food color.
Citric Acid: Widely used as a natural preservative and flavor enhancer.
Potassium Sorbate (E202): Effective against molds and yeasts, used in a variety of food products.

Regulation

The regulatory status of E222 varies by region:

European Union: Approved for use as a food additive with specific maximum levels set for different food categories.
United States: Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices.

Manufacturers should consult local regulations to ensure compliance with specific usage guidelines.

Conclusion

E222 (Sodium Bisulfite) is a widely used preservative, antioxidant, and anti-browning agent effective against microbial growth and oxidation, extending the shelf life of various food products. It is considered safe for consumption within established regulatory limits, with minimal impact on taste. However, individuals with sulfite sensitivity or asthma should exercise caution, as they may experience adverse reactions.