E228 – Potassium Hydrogen Sulfite (Potassium Bisulfite)

Danger Level: 3 (Use with Caution)

E228, known as Potassium Hydrogen Sulfite or Potassium Bisulfite, is a synthetic preservative and antioxidant used in the food and beverage industry to prevent spoilage and oxidation. It inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi, thereby extending the shelf life of various products. 

Purpose in Products

Potassium Hydrogen Sulfite serves multiple functions in food preservation:

  • Preservative: Prevents microbial growth in products like wines, dried fruits, and seafood. 
  • Antioxidant: Inhibits oxidation, maintaining color and flavor in foods and beverages. 
  • Disinfectant: Used as a sterilizing agent in the production of alcoholic beverages. 

Health Considerations

While Potassium Hydrogen Sulfite is effective in preservation, certain health concerns are associated with its use:

  • Sulfite Sensitivity: Individuals with asthma or sulfite allergies may experience reactions such as wheezing, difficulty breathing, skin rashes, or hives upon consumption.
  • Nutrient Degradation: Sulfites can degrade certain vitamins, notably thiamine (vitamin B1), potentially reducing the nutritional value of foods. 

Impact on Children

Children with asthma or sulfite sensitivities may be more susceptible to adverse reactions. It is advisable to monitor and limit their intake of foods containing E228.

Impact on Taste

At regulated levels, Potassium Hydrogen Sulfite does not significantly alter the taste of food products. However, excessive use can impart an undesirable sulfurous flavor.

Compatibility with Other Additives

Potassium Hydrogen Sulfite is often used in conjunction with other preservatives and antioxidants to enhance efficacy. It is important to adhere to regulatory guidelines to ensure safe and effective use.

Natural Occurrence

Potassium Hydrogen Sulfite is a synthetic compound and does not occur naturally in foods.

Alternatives and Substitutes

Due to potential health concerns, alternatives to Potassium Hydrogen Sulfite are sometimes preferred:

  • Potassium Metabisulfite (E224): Another sulfite-based preservative with similar properties.
  • Sodium Sulfite (E221): Used in similar applications but may pose similar health risks.
  • Natural Preservatives: Such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C) or tocopherols (vitamin E), which may be used in certain contexts.

Regulation

The use of Potassium Hydrogen Sulfite is subject to regulatory scrutiny:

  • European Union: Approved for use as a food additive. 
  • United States: Not approved for use as a food additive. 
  • Australia and New Zealand: Approved for use under specific conditions. 

Regulations may require labeling of sulfite-containing products to inform consumers, especially those with sensitivities.

Conclusion

E228 (Potassium Hydrogen Sulfite) is an effective preservative and antioxidant used to extend the shelf life of various food and beverage products. However, due to potential health risks, including allergic reactions and nutrient degradation, its use is restricted or banned in certain regions. Consumers, particularly those with sulfite sensitivities, should read product labels carefully and consider alternatives when possible.