E230 – Biphenyl (Diphenyl)

Danger Level: 3 (High Risk) – Biphenyl (E230) is a synthetic preservative used to protect citrus fruit peels from fungal growth. It is not intended for consumption and should be avoided due to toxicity concerns. 

Description

E230, known as biphenyl or diphenyl, is an aromatic hydrocarbon that appears as a white crystalline solid. It is insoluble in water but dissolves rapidly in organic solvents such as ether, alcohol, and benzene. This additive is primarily used as a preservative to protect products from fungi and bacteria, especially in the treatment of citrus fruits to prevent mold growth during storage and transportation. 

Purpose in Products

Biphenyl is utilized in various applications, including:

  • Citrus Fruits: Applied to the peel of oranges, lemons, and other citrus fruits to prevent mold growth during storage and shipment. 
  • Food Packaging: Sometimes used in food packaging materials to inhibit microbial growth.

Its primary function is to act as a preservative, extending the shelf life of produce by preventing fungal growth.

Health Considerations

Biphenyl is associated with several health concerns:

  • Toxicity: It can be toxic if ingested in significant amounts. Consumers are advised to peel treated fruits and avoid consuming the peel. 
  • Skin Irritation: Handling fruits treated with E230 may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. 
  • Other Side Effects: Exposure to large amounts of biphenyl has been linked to liver damage, as well as central and peripheral nerve damage. Headaches and skin disorders have also been reported.

Conclusion: Due to its potential health risks, E230 is not intended for direct consumption and should be avoided. Consumers should peel treated fruits and avoid contact with the peel to minimize exposure.

Regulatory Status

The use of biphenyl as a food additive is subject to strict regulations:

  • European Union: E230 is approved for use as a food additive, primarily for agricultural purposes, particularly in the treatment of citrus fruits to prevent mold growth. 
  • Australia: E230 is banned due to health concerns.

Given these regulatory variations, it is advisable to check local guidelines and exercise caution when handling or consuming products that may have been treated with biphenyl.

Alternatives and Substitutes

Due to the potential health risks associated with biphenyl, alternative preservatives are often preferred, including:

  • Natural Antifungal Agents: Such as grapefruit seed extract or essential oils with antifungal properties.
  • Modified Atmosphere Packaging: Reducing oxygen levels to inhibit fungal growth.
  • Good Agricultural Practices: Implementing proper sanitation and handling procedures to minimize the need for chemical preservatives.

Conclusion

E230 (Biphenyl) is a synthetic preservative used to protect citrus fruit peels from fungal growth. Due to its potential toxicity and associated health risks, it is not intended for consumption and should be avoided. Consumers are advised to peel treated fruits and avoid contact with the peel to minimize exposure. Regulatory restrictions vary by region, with some countries banning its use due to safety concerns.