E239 – Hexamethylene tetramine (Hexamine)

Danger Level: 3 (Use with Caution)

E239, known as Hexamethylenetetramine or Hexamine, is a synthetic preservative utilized in the food industry for its antibacterial and antifungal properties. It is produced through the chemical reaction of formaldehyde and ammonia. 

Purpose in Products

Hexamethylenetetramine serves specific functions in food preservation:

  • Preservative: Inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi, particularly in certain cheeses like Provolone, and in some fish products. 

Health Considerations

While effective as a preservative, Hexamethylenetetramine poses certain health concerns:

  • Formaldehyde Release: Under acidic conditions, it can decompose into formaldehyde, a compound with known toxicity. 
  • Potential Carcinogenicity: Due to its breakdown into formaldehyde, there are concerns regarding its potential carcinogenic effects. 

Impact on Children

Given the potential release of formaldehyde, exposure to E239 should be minimized in children’s diets to avoid any adverse health effects.

Impact on Taste

At regulated levels, Hexamethylenetetramine does not significantly alter the taste of food products. However, its use is limited to specific products like Provolone cheese. 

Compatibility with Other Additives

Hexamethylenetetramine is typically used alone in specific applications and is not commonly combined with other additives.

Natural Occurrence

Hexamethylenetetramine does not occur naturally in foods; it is synthetically produced for industrial applications.

Alternatives and Substitutes

Due to health concerns, alternatives are often preferred:

  • Nisin (E234): A natural preservative effective against a broad range of bacteria.
  • Natamycin (E235): Used to inhibit mold and yeast growth in dairy products.

Regulation

The use of Hexamethylenetetramine is subject to strict regulations:

  • European Union: Permitted exclusively in Provolone cheese, with a maximum residual amount of 25 mg/kg, expressed as formaldehyde. 
  • United States: Not approved for use as a food additive. 
  • Australia and New Zealand: Not approved for use as a food additive.

Regulatory bodies require labeling of products containing E239 to inform consumers, especially those concerned about potential health risks.

Conclusion

E239 (Hexamethylenetetramine) is a preservative with limited use in the food industry due to health concerns related to its decomposition into formaldehyde. Its application is restricted to specific products like Provolone cheese within the European Union, and it is banned in several other regions. Consumers should be aware of its presence in certain foods and consider alternatives when possible.