E304 – Ascorbyl Palmitate and Ascorbyl Stearate

Danger Level: 0 (Safe)

E304 encompasses two compounds: ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbyl stearate, both of which are fat-soluble derivatives of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). These compounds are commonly used in the food industry for their antioxidant properties.

Purpose in Products

Ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbyl stearate serve several functions in food products:

  • Antioxidants: They prevent oxidation, thereby extending shelf life and preserving color and flavor, especially in fatty products and oils.
  • Color Stabilizers: They help maintain the stability of certain food colors, such as E160 and E161, by preventing their oxidation.

Health Considerations

Ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbyl stearate are generally recognized as safe. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has evaluated these additives and concluded that there is no safety concern for their use in food products at reported usage levels. 

Impact on Children

These additives are considered safe for all population groups, including children, when used within the acceptable daily intake levels. EFSA’s exposure estimates indicate that even high-percentile consumers are within safe intake ranges. 

Impact on Taste

At typical usage levels, ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbyl stearate do not impart any noticeable taste to food products, ensuring that the sensory qualities of the food remain unaffected.

Compatibility with Other Additives

Ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbyl stearate are compatible with most food additives and can work synergistically with other antioxidants to enhance preservative effects. They are often used in combination with other antioxidants to provide comprehensive protection against oxidation.

Natural Occurrence

Ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbyl stearate do not occur naturally but are synthesized from ascorbic acid and fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids, respectively) to create fat-soluble forms of vitamin C. 

Alternatives and Substitutes

While ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbyl stearate are common antioxidants, alternatives include:

  • Ascorbic Acid (E300): The water-soluble form of vitamin C used as an antioxidant.
  • Tocopherols (E306): Also known as vitamin E, used for its antioxidant properties.
  • Citric Acid (E330): Used as an acidity regulator and antioxidant.

Regulation

Ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbyl stearate (E304) are approved for use as food additives in many countries, including those in the European Union, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The acceptable daily intake (ADI) is set at up to 1.25 mg/kg body weight. 

Conclusion

E304 compounds, ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbyl stearate, are safe and effective antioxidants used in the food industry. Their inclusion in food products helps preserve quality and extend shelf life without adverse health effects when consumed within recommended dietary allowances.