E311 — Octyl Gallate

E311, known as Octyl Gallate, is a synthetic antioxidant used in the food industry to prevent the oxidation of fats and oils, thereby extending the shelf life of various products.

Danger Level: 2 (Generally Safe with Caution) – Octyl Gallate is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used within established regulatory limits. However, certain individuals, particularly those with asthma or aspirin sensitivity, may experience adverse reactions. 

Purpose in Products

Octyl Gallate serves as an antioxidant, protecting food products from oxidation that can lead to rancidity and spoilage. It is commonly used in:

  • Edible Oils and Fats: To prevent rancidity.
  • Margarine and Spreads: To maintain flavor and extend shelf life.
  • Salad Oils: To preserve quality.
  • Snack Foods: Such as chips and crackers.
  • Baked Goods: To prevent spoilage.

Health Considerations

While Octyl Gallate is effective in preventing oxidation, there are health considerations to be aware of:

  • Allergic Reactions: Individuals with asthma or aspirin sensitivity may experience adverse reactions, including gastric and skin irritation. 
  • Metabolism: Octyl Gallate is metabolized into octyl alcohol and gallic acid in the body. Gallic acid can cause eczema, stomach problems, and hyperactivity in sensitive individuals. 

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of up to 0.5 mg/kg body weight for Octyl Gallate. 

Impact on Children

Due to potential allergic reactions and sensitivity to gallic acid, it is advisable to monitor and limit the intake of foods containing Octyl Gallate in children’s diets.

Impact on Taste

Octyl Gallate is generally used in low concentrations that do not affect the taste of food products.

Compatibility with Other Additives

Octyl Gallate is often used in combination with other antioxidants, such as Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA), to enhance preservative effects. 

Natural Occurrence

Octyl Gallate does not occur naturally and is synthesized from octanol and gallic acid, which is produced from plant tannins. 

Alternatives and Substitutes

Depending on the application, alternatives to Octyl Gallate may include:

  • Natural Antioxidants: Such as tocopherols (Vitamin E) and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C).
  • Other Synthetic Antioxidants: Like Propyl Gallate (E310) and Dodecyl Gallate (E312).

Regulation

Octyl Gallate (E311) was previously approved for use as a food additive in the European Union. However, due to persistent safety concerns, it was removed from the list of authorized food additives in the EU in 2018. In the United States, it remains approved for use in specific applications. 

Conclusion

E311 (Octyl Gallate) is a synthetic antioxidant used to extend the shelf life of various food products by preventing oxidation. While generally considered safe within regulatory limits, potential health concerns, particularly for sensitive individuals, warrant cautious consumption. Notably, it has been removed from the list of authorized food additives in the European Union due to safety concerns.