E363 – Succinic Acid

E363 is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid found in various fruits and vegetables, including grapes, blueberries, and broccoli. In the food industry, it is commonly used as an acidity regulator and flavor enhancer. Succinic Acid is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is approved for use in the European Union. 

Danger Level: 1 (Safe with Minimal Risks)

Purpose in Products

Succinic Acid serves multiple functions in the food industry:

  • Acidity Regulation: Maintains desired pH levels in foods and beverages, ensuring product stability and taste consistency.
  • Flavor Enhancement: Provides a slightly sour and astringent component, enhancing the overall flavor profile of certain food products.

Common applications include:

  • Beverages: Used to impart tartness and maintain acidity.
  • Confectionery: Incorporated in candies and chewing gum to enhance flavor.
  • Processed Foods: Utilized in soups, broths, and desserts to regulate acidity and improve taste.

Health Considerations

Succinic Acid is generally recognized as safe for consumption within regulated limits. There is no specified Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for Succinic Acid, indicating its safety at typical consumption levels. While adverse effects are rare, excessive intake may lead to minor side effects such as:

  • Gastrointestinal Discomfort: Symptoms may include mild stomach pain, nausea, or diarrhea.

Impact on Children

Succinic Acid is considered safe for children when consumed within recommended dietary limits. However, moderation is advised to prevent potential health concerns related to excessive intake.

Impact on Taste

Succinic Acid contributes a slightly sour and astringent flavor to food products, enhancing their overall taste profile. Its use as an acidity regulator can also influence the perception of sweetness and sourness in foods and beverages.

Compatibility with Other Additives

Succinic Acid is compatible with various food additives and ingredients, making it versatile in food processing. It can be used alongside other acidity regulators, stabilizers, and preservatives to achieve desired product qualities.

Natural Occurrence

Succinic Acid occurs naturally in various fruits and vegetables, including grapes, blueberries, raspberries, apples, carrots, peas, and broccoli. It is also present in meat, poultry, and fish. 

Alternatives and Substitutes

Alternatives to Succinic Acid include other acidity regulators and flavor enhancers, such as:

  • Citric Acid (E330): A common acidity regulator and flavoring agent.
  • Tartaric Acid (E334): Provides tartness and is used as an acidity regulator.

The choice of alternative depends on the specific application and desired properties of the food product.

Regulation

Succinic Acid (E363) is approved for use as a food additive in many countries, including those in the European Union. It is categorized under «Additives other than colours and sweeteners» and is permitted in various food products with maximum usage levels ranging from 3,000 to 6,000 mg/kg, depending on the product. 

Conclusion

E363 (Succinic Acid) is a versatile food additive employed as an acidity regulator and flavor enhancer in various products. When used within regulatory guidelines, it is generally safe for consumption, contributing to product quality and taste. However, excessive intake may pose minor health concerns, particularly for individuals with sensitivities. Moderation and awareness of dietary sources are key to maintaining a balanced intake.