E381 – Ammonium Ferric Citrate

E381 is a compound formed by combining ammonia, iron, and citric acid. It is commonly used in the food industry as an acidity regulator and iron fortification agent. Ammonium Ferric Citrate is generally recognized as safe for consumption within regulated limits. 

Danger Level: 2 (Relatively Safe with Caution)

Purpose in Products

Ammonium Ferric Citrate serves multiple functions in the food industry:

  • Acidity Regulation: Maintains desired pH levels in foods and beverages, ensuring product stability and taste consistency.
  • Iron Fortification: Enhances the nutritional value of food products by increasing their iron content.

Common applications include:

  • Beverages: Notably used in the Scottish beverage Irn-Bru.
  • Dietary Supplements: Incorporated to provide a source of iron.

Health Considerations

Ammonium Ferric Citrate is generally recognized as safe for consumption within regulated limits. While adverse effects are rare, excessive intake may lead to:

  • Iron Overload: Excessive iron intake can lead to conditions such as hemochromatosis, causing damage to organs.
  • Digestive Issues: High consumption may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, such as nausea or constipation.

It’s important to adhere to recommended dietary guidelines and consult with a healthcare provider if you have concerns about iron intake.

Impact on Children

Ammonium Ferric Citrate is considered safe for children when consumed within recommended dietary limits. Adequate iron intake is important for growth and development, but excessive amounts should be avoided to prevent potential health concerns.

Impact on Taste

Ammonium Ferric Citrate is generally tasteless and does not significantly impact the flavor of food products. Its primary role is in acidity regulation and iron fortification.

Compatibility with Other Additives

Ammonium Ferric Citrate is compatible with various food additives and ingredients, making it versatile in food processing. It can be used alongside other acidity regulators and nutritional supplements to achieve desired product qualities.

Natural Occurrence

Ammonium Ferric Citrate does not occur naturally in foods but is synthesized from citric acid, ammonia, and iron

Alternatives and Substitutes

Alternatives to Ammonium Ferric Citrate include other iron fortification agents, such as:

  • Ferrous Sulfate: Commonly used in iron supplements and fortification.
  • Ferric Orthophosphate: Used as an iron source in food products.

The choice of alternative depends on the specific application and desired properties of the food product.

Regulation

Ammonium Ferric Citrate (E381) is approved for use as a food additive in many countries, including those in the European Union. Regulatory agencies have established acceptable daily intake levels to ensure consumer safety. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) evaluates the safety of food additives and assigns E numbers to authorized substances.

Conclusion

E381 (Ammonium Ferric Citrate) is a versatile food additive employed as an acidity regulator and iron fortification agent in various products. When used within regulatory guidelines, it is generally safe for consumption, contributing to product quality and nutritional value. However, excessive intake may pose health concerns, particularly related to iron overload. Moderation and adherence to recommended dietary allowances are key to maintaining a balanced intake.