E422 – Glycerol (Glycerin)

Danger Level: 0 (Safe)

E422, commonly known as glycerol or glycerin, is a naturally occurring polyol (sugar alcohol) utilized extensively in the food industry for its humectant, sweetening, and preservative properties. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid with a mildly sweet taste. 

Purpose in Products

Glycerol serves multiple functions in food products:

  • Humectant: Retains moisture, preventing foods from drying out and extending shelf life. 
  • Sweetener: Provides a low-calorie sweetness, approximately 60% as sweet as sucrose, contributing to the flavor profile of various products.
  • Solvent: Dissolves flavorings, colorings, and other additives, ensuring uniform distribution throughout the product.
  • Softening Agent: Maintains the softness and flexibility of baked goods and confections. 

Health Considerations

Glycerol is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by major health authorities, including the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). In 2017, EFSA re-evaluated glycerol (E422) as a food additive and concluded that it has low acute toxicity and does not raise concerns regarding genotoxicity or carcinogenicity. Local irritating effects in the gastrointestinal tract reported in some studies were likely due to its hygroscopic and osmotic properties. 

However, excessive consumption of glycerol may lead to gastrointestinal discomfort, including laxative effects, due to its osmotic activity. Individuals with kidney disease or impaired circulation should exercise caution, as glycerol’s dehydrating properties can exacerbate these conditions. 

Impact on Children

Glycerol is considered safe for children when consumed within typical dietary amounts. However, due to its potential laxative effect at high doses, moderation is advised to prevent gastrointestinal discomfort.

Impact on Taste

Glycerol imparts a mild sweetness to food products, approximately 60% as sweet as sucrose. Its inclusion can enhance the overall flavor profile without contributing significantly to caloric content.

Compatibility with Other Additives

Glycerol is highly compatible with a wide range of food additives and ingredients. Its solvent properties make it effective in dissolving and evenly distributing flavorings, colorings, and other additives, enhancing the overall quality and consistency of food products.

Natural Occurrence

Glycerol is a natural component of triglycerides found in fats and oils of both plant and animal origin. It is present in low concentrations in the human body and can be commercially produced either synthetically from propene or by bacterial fermentation of sugars. 

Alternatives and Substitutes

While glycerol is widely used, alternatives include:

  • Sorbitol (E420): A sugar alcohol used as a humectant and sweetener in various food products.
  • Propylene Glycol (E1520): A synthetic compound serving similar functions as a humectant and solvent.
  • Xylitol (E967): Another sugar alcohol employed as a sweetener and moisture-retaining agent.

Regulation

Glycerol (E422) is approved for use as a food additive in many countries, including those in the European Union, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Its use is regulated under good manufacturing practices to ensure safety.

Conclusion

E422 (Glycerol) is a versatile and widely used food additive that plays a crucial role in maintaining the quality, texture, and shelf life of various food products. When consumed within the established regulatory guidelines, it is considered safe for the general population. As with all food additives, moderation and adherence to recommended intake levels are key to ensuring safety.