E904 — Shellac

Shellac, designated as E904, is a natural resin secreted by the female lac bug (Laccifer lacca), primarily found in India and Thailand. This resin is harvested, processed, and used in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. 

Danger Level: 1 — generally safe

Purpose in Products

  • Glazing Agent: Shellac is commonly used to provide a glossy finish to confectionery items, fruits, and vegetables, enhancing their appearance and shelf life. 
  • Pharmaceutical Coating: It serves as a coating for pills and tablets, aiding in controlled release and protecting the active ingredients. 

Health Considerations

Shellac is generally considered safe for consumption. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 4 mg/kg body weight per day for wax-free shellac produced by physical decolouring. 

Impact on Children

Shellac is safe for children when consumed in typical dietary amounts. Nonetheless, excessive intake should be avoided to prevent potential digestive issues.

Impact on Taste

Shellac is tasteless and odorless, making it an ideal ingredient for various food products without altering their flavor profiles.

Compatibility with Other Additives

Shellac is compatible with various other food additives, including sugars and other hydrocolloids. Its water-binding properties make it suitable for use in products requiring moisture retention.

Natural Occurrence

Shellac is naturally produced by the lac bug, which secretes the resin onto tree branches. The resin is then harvested, purified, and processed for various uses. 

Alternatives and Substitutes

For those seeking alternatives to shellac, options include:

  • Carnauba Wax (E903): A plant-based wax derived from the leaves of the carnauba palm, used as a glazing agent and emulsifier.
  • Beeswax (E901): A natural wax produced by honeybees, used as a glazing agent and emulsifier.

Regulation

Shellac is approved for use as a food additive in many countries, including the European Union, where it is designated as E904. Regulatory bodies such as the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have evaluated its safety and concluded that it poses no health concerns when used within established limits. 

Conclusion

Shellac (E904) is a versatile and natural food additive with a long history of safe use. Its ability to act as a glazing agent and pharmaceutical coating makes it valuable in various products. While generally safe, it is advisable to consume it in moderation to avoid potential adverse effects.