E958 – Glycyrrhizic Acid (Licorice Extract)

Glycyrrhizic acid, designated as E958, is a natural sweetener and flavoring agent extracted from the root of the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra). It is known for its intense sweetness, approximately 30 to 50 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar), and is utilized in various food and beverage products for its distinctive flavor and sweetness. 

Danger Level: 2 – Relatively Safe

Purpose in Products

  • Sweetener: E958 is used to impart sweetness in confectioneries, beverages, and other food products, often in combination with other sweeteners to achieve the desired flavor profile.
  • Flavor Enhancer: It enhances and modifies flavors, providing the characteristic licorice taste in various products.

Health Considerations

  • Potential Health Risks: Excessive consumption of glycyrrhizic acid can lead to adverse health effects, including hypertension (high blood pressure), hypokalemia (low potassium levels), and edema (water retention). These effects are due to its influence on cortisol metabolism, leading to increased sodium retention and potassium excretion.
  • Regulatory Status: Due to potential health risks associated with high intake, some regulatory bodies have set limits on the acceptable daily intake of glycyrrhizic acid. For instance, the European Commission has established a maximum limit of 100 mg per day for glycyrrhizic acid in food products. 

Impact on Children

Children may be more susceptible to the effects of glycyrrhizic acid due to their lower body weight. It is advisable to monitor and limit their intake of licorice-containing products to prevent potential adverse health effects.

Impact on Taste

Glycyrrhizic acid provides a distinct licorice flavor, which can be polarizing among consumers. Its intense sweetness and unique taste profile make it a popular additive in certain confectioneries and traditional remedies.

Compatibility with Other Additives

E958 is often used in combination with other sweeteners and flavoring agents to achieve a balanced taste profile. Its compatibility with various ingredients allows for versatility in product formulations.

Natural Occurrence

Glycyrrhizic acid naturally occurs in the roots of the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra), which has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and as a flavoring agent.

Alternatives and Substitutes

Other sweeteners and flavoring agents that can be used as alternatives to glycyrrhizic acid include:

  • Steviol Glycosides (E960): Natural sweeteners derived from the stevia plant, about 200–300 times sweeter than sucrose.
  • Thaumatin (E957): A natural sweetener and flavor modifier derived from the katemfe fruit, approximately 2,000–3,000 times sweeter than sucrose.

Regulation

Glycyrrhizic acid (E958) is approved for use as a food additive in various regions, including the European Union. However, due to potential health concerns associated with excessive intake, regulatory authorities have established maximum permissible levels in food products to ensure consumer safety. 

Conclusion

E958 (Glycyrrhizic Acid) serves as a natural sweetener and flavoring agent, imparting the characteristic licorice taste to various food and beverage products. While it is generally considered safe when consumed in moderation, excessive intake can lead to adverse health effects, particularly related to blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Consumers, especially those with hypertension or other health concerns, should be mindful of their intake of licorice-containing products. Adherence to regulatory guidelines ensures the safe use of this additive in food products.