E967 – Xylitol
Xylitol, designated as E967, is a sugar alcohol (polyol) used as a low-calorie sweetener in various food and beverage products. It naturally occurs in small amounts in many fruits and vegetables and is commercially produced from sources like birch wood and corn cobs. Xylitol provides approximately the same sweetness as sucrose (table sugar) but with about 40% fewer calories.
Danger Level: 1 – Mostly Safe
Purpose in Products
- Sweetener: Xylitol is commonly used in sugar-free chewing gums, mints, candies, and oral care products like toothpaste and mouthwash due to its sweetness and dental health benefits.
- Humectant and Stabilizer: It acts as a humectant and stabilizer in various food applications, helping to retain moisture and improve texture.
Health Considerations
- Dental Health: Xylitol is known to reduce tooth decay by inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans, the bacteria primarily responsible for cavities. It is often used in dental care products for this reason.
- Glycemic Impact: Xylitol has a low glycemic index, making it a suitable alternative sweetener for individuals with diabetes, as it causes a slower rise in blood glucose levels compared to sugar.
- Digestive Effects: Excessive consumption of xylitol can lead to digestive issues such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea due to its incomplete absorption in the digestive tract. It is advisable to consume it in moderation to avoid gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Toxicity to Pets: Xylitol is highly toxic to dogs and can cause severe health issues, including hypoglycemia and liver failure. Pet owners should ensure that products containing xylitol are kept out of reach of animals.
Impact on Children
Xylitol is generally considered safe for children and is often included in pediatric dental care products to promote oral health. However, as with adults, excessive intake may lead to digestive discomfort, so moderation is advised.
Impact on Taste
Xylitol provides a sweetness comparable to that of sucrose, with a similar taste profile. It also imparts a cooling sensation in the mouth, which can enhance the flavor experience in certain products like chewing gums and mints.
Compatibility with Other Additives
Xylitol is often used in combination with other sugar alcohols and sweeteners to achieve desired sweetness levels and functional properties in food formulations. Its compatibility with various ingredients makes it versatile in product development.
Natural Occurrence
Xylitol naturally occurs in small quantities in various fruits and vegetables, including berries, oats, and mushrooms. It is also produced in the human body as a part of normal metabolism.
Alternatives and Substitutes
Other sugar alcohols and low-calorie sweeteners used as alternatives to xylitol include:
- Erythritol (E968): Approximately 70% as sweet as sucrose, with almost no calories and minimal digestive side effects.
- Sorbitol (E420): About 60% as sweet as sucrose, commonly used in sugar-free products, but may cause digestive discomfort in large amounts.
- Maltitol (E965): Approximately 90% as sweet as sucrose, used in various sugar-free and low-calorie products.
Regulation
Xylitol (E967) is approved for use as a food additive in the European Union, the United States, and many other countries. It is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is permitted in various food categories without specific quantitative limits.
Conclusion
E967 (Xylitol) serves as an effective low-calorie sweetener with additional benefits for dental health. When consumed in moderation, it is considered safe for the general population, including children and individuals with diabetes. However, excessive intake may lead to digestive discomfort, and it is highly toxic to dogs, necessitating caution in households with pets. Its approval by regulatory authorities worldwide underscores its safety and utility in various food and beverage applications.